This book provides a multidisciplinary perspective on the Andean herpetofauna, covering topics ranging from natural history and thermal ecology to biogeography and conservation. Extending over 8,900 kilometres across seven countries, the Andes represent one of the worlds most exceptional biodiversity hotspots for amphibians and reptiles, including many endemic forms. This comprehensive volume presents the first integrative synthesis of Andean herpetofauna, organized into 18 chapters covering different disciplines. The first section focuses on diversity and distribution patterns across varied landscapes from humid Colombian páramos to arid central Andean punas. The second section explores evolutionary histories and life strategies, including viviparity, extended larval development, and physiological adaptations enabling species survival in harsh montane conditions. The third section examines ecological and physiological adaptation, including cold tolerance mechanisms, thermal biology, and freeze resistance in high-altitude environments. The fourth section addresses conservation challenges and emerging threats, including infectious diseases, climate change impacts, and critical knowledge gaps hindering effective conservation planning. It will be an invaluable resource for researchers, students, and conservation scientists interested in the biology and conservation of amphibians and reptiles inhabiting these remarkable montane ecosystems.