This book examines student achievement in global tests in Middle Eastern countries. Through statistical analysis of published TIMSS, PISA and PIRLS results, it explores the impact of context on student performance in Arab States, Israel, Iran, and Turkey. The volume concentrates on measuring education quality through international test results in reading, mathematics, and science, demonstrating long-term investment by teachers, principals, education agencies, and societies at large. Educational system features that shape outcomes are taken into account, along with contextual social, economic, political and cultural factors. In addition to scrutinizing gender gaps, school climate, home influence, teaching quality, students’ math/science attitudes, and the role of tech, a special chapter addresses the impact of Covid-19 on education.