This book provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing efficiency and productivity with a focus on sustainability applications. It uniquely integrates theoretical foundations, empirical methodologies, and practical programming implementations in Stata. The innovative approach bridges the gap between abstract concepts and applied research by offering step-by-step guidance on implementing advanced analytical techniques. The book covers both parametric and non-parametric methods, spanning from basic efficiency concepts to sophisticated models including Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), Parametric Linear Programming (PLP), and econometric methods. Special attention is given to environmental efficiency measurement, green total factor productivity, and sustainability metrics that are increasingly relevant in policy and research contexts. This book serves as a comprehensive monograph for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in economics, management, and environmental economics and management, as well as an essential reference for researchers in efficiency and productivity analysis. Readers will gain both theoretical understanding and practical skills to conduct rigorous efficiency and productivity analysis for sustainability applications in their own research and professional work.