Studying and understanding the history of life sciences and medicine in the modern era requires an in-depth reflection on knowledge that is often seen as contradictory. History of Life Sciences and Medicine 2 presents key concepts from the 16th to the 18th century in an accessible way. It analyses the history of anatomic pathology, clinical practice, experimentation, different life systems, transformism, and the role of images and classifications. This conceptual study of the history of life sciences thus redefines the links between medicine and biology in a period when the exploration and understanding of the body oscillated between different models, ranging from mechanism to vitalism. The analyses presented invite reflection on the singularity of ancient concepts such as life, anatomy and experience, whose definitions are renewed according to techniques and experiments.