What are the implications of Franz Rosenzweigs quasi-racialist commonalities with Heideggers thought? Was Kant a Jewish thinker? Does Spinozas philosophy lend support to totalitarianism?  Was Marxs philosophy more shaped by Jewish cultural tradition than is typically assumed? Was there a strong challenge to Strausss reading of Maimonides already in the 1940s? This volume contains a collection of Steven S. Schwarzschilds (1924-1989) most important unpublished works, the majority of which were found in his literary remains. The essays present provocative perspectives on influential philosophical figures such as Maimonides, Spinoza, Kant, Hegel, Marx, Rosenzweig, Heidegger, and Leo Strauss. As one of the most original twentieth-century thinkers in the field of Jewish philosophy, Schwarzschilds analysis provides readers with new ways of understanding modern Western philosophy, Jewish religious tradition, and the relation between them.