The aim of this book is to concisely present fundamental ideas, results, and techniques in linear algebra and mainly matrix theory. The book contains eight chapters covering various topics ranging from similarity and special types of matrices to Schur complements and matrix normality. Each chapter focuses on the results, techniques, and methods that are beautiful, interesting, and representative, followed by carefully selected problems. For many theorems several different proofs are given. The book can be used as a text or a supplement for a linear algebra and matrix theory class or seminar for senior or graduate students. The only prerequisites are a decent background in elementary linear algebra and calculus. The book can also serve as a reference for instructors and researchers in the fields of algebra, matrix analysis, operator theory, statistics, computer science, engineering, operations research, economics, and other fields.