This book highlights recent findings on different aspects of petroleum systems in both well-explored and under-explored sedimentary basins of India. It describes the workflow, recent technologies involved in de-risking the hydrocarbon prospectivity, and demonstrates effective ways of integrating different dataset in understanding petroleum systems. Petroleum (oil and gas) is the source of more than 50% of our current global energy supplies. These natural resources have been created in the Earths subsurface by natural processes that have been active for more than a billion years. The combination of essential geological elements and processes that enable oil and gas to be generated and accumulated in reservoirs is described as a Petroleum system. Rigorous analysis of the petroleum systems in a basin is an essential requirement to assess the hydrocarbon prospectivity. India has a lot of hydrocarbon potential in different sedimentary basins. A synthesis of different aspects of petroleum system elements and processes was undertaken for a comprehensive understanding of hydrocarbon prospectivity in each basin of India. Also, it will help to strategize the hydrocarbon exploration for domestic and international stakeholders to ensure cost-effective and stable energy supplies. It will also serve as a textbook for the graduate and postgraduate students who are keen on pursuing their careers in the energy sector across the globe. Information presented in this book not only benefits students and academicians but also is directly relevant for the stakeholders of the oil and gas industry.