This book offers an in-depth analysis of social welfare system in a rentier state, Qatar, tracing its evolution and institutional development. Through the innovative lens of modern traditionalism, it examines how Qatar blends contemporary social policies with traditional cultural values across nine key sectors: public health, education, social security, social care, housing, disability, employment, family, and gender. The books unique approach combines the Policy Arrangement Approach with Rentier State Theory and Historical Institutionalism to provide in-depth analyses of Qatars social welfare policies. This interdisciplinary perspective offers fresh insights into the interplay between modernization, tradition, and social policy in a rentier state. Covering historical trajectories, current institutional arrangements, and future challenges, the book provides a holistic view of Qatars social welfare system. It explores how the country navigates the tensions between rapid modernization and cultural preservation, offering valuable lessons for other countries. Intended for academics, policymakers, and students in public policy, Middle Eastern studies, social policy, and development studies, this book offers both theoretical depth and practical insights. It is an essential resource for understanding social welfare development in resource-rich states, offering valuable insights for both academic research and policy formulation in the Arab Gulf region and beyond.