This book explores governmental decision-making processes in democratic states where secessionist movements have proposed referendums on independence. Drawing on an original dataset that analyses 130 independence referendums held worldwide since 1945, it demonstrates that the decision of national governments to agree to an independence referendum largely depends on two factors: the proximity of elections to referendum demands, and the perceived expectation of secession. Over the last ten years, the citizens of Veneto, Scotland, Catalonia, Sint Eustatius, Puerto Rico, South Brazil, Bougainville and New Caledonia have been summoned to the polls to decide whether or not their territory should become an independent country. In some cases, central governments have agreed to consult citizens regarding a referendum, while in others, independence referendums have been forbidden. How can we explain this divergence? And what factors encourage policymakers to accept or reject an independence referendum? Addressing an important topic that has significantly shaped the political landscape in several countries for many years, the book will appeal to all those interested in political science, governance, and international relations, as well as policymakers.