The book is a long-needed summary of neurological structures and practice worldwide. It is intended to serve as a compendial summary of neurology and is based on the inputs of the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) regions, developments of the World health Organization (WHO), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of UNECOSOC and relations with other medical specialties. The book describes the historic development of neurology and the rapid growth in the past decades, based on science and research and implementation of structures. Based on the World Bank classification the regions of the world are divided according to income (High income, Low income, Upper and Lower Middle income), or more recently in the North South Divide. Core disciplines for which the book is of interest are neurology, neuropathology, neurophysiology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, internal medicine, (neuro) radiology, (neuropsychology). And, patient organisations, nursing, carers, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy can benefit from it. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 are available as open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO License via link.springer.com.