This book investigates the relationship between maternal investment, unwanted births, and child nutritional outcomes in five poor communities of the Western Balkan Roma. Based on an evolutionary approach, the book directly assesses variability in Roma mothers’ parental care using data from UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys 5 and 6 for the Roma settlements in Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The book includes useful information about Roma communities in the Western Balkans and their history and sufferings in the region. It reviews this history against the data on unwanted childbearing globally and in low- and middle-income countries. It addresses concerns related to Roma peoples integration into European society, despite their longstanding presence in Europe. The book analyses the existence of health differentials among Roma children themselves, suggesting that some children are especially vulnerable. Therefore, it critically assesses how multiple (levels of) vulnerabilities affect differential Roma parental investment in children. This book is a useful resource for researchers interested in Roma studies, childrens well-being, wellbeing of marginal groups, social work and social justice.